Kidney Stones (Nephrolithiasis) are hard mineral and salt deposits that form inside the kidneys. They develop when urine becomes concentrated, allowing minerals to crystallize and stick together.
Causes & Risk Factors
- Dehydration: Inadequate daily water intake leads to highly concentrated urine.
- Dietary Factors: High sodium, animal protein, and oxalate-rich foods (spinach, nuts, chocolate).
- Metabolic Factors: Hypercalciuria, hyperuricemia (gout), and hyperparathyroidism.
- Family History & Obesity: Genetic predisposition and high BMI elevate stone formation risk.
Symptoms
- Severe, sharp pain in the side and back, below the ribs (flank pain).
- Pain radiating to the lower abdomen and groin (renal colic).
- Painful or burning sensation during urination (dysuria).
- Pink, red, or brown urine (hematuria).
- Nausea, vomiting, and persistent urge to urinate.
Diagnostic Workup
- Non-Contrast CT Scan (KUB): Gold standard for stone size, location, and density.
- Renal Ultrasound: Safe imaging for obstruction and hydronephrosis evaluation.
- Urinalysis & Blood Panel: Checks for infection, blood, uric acid, and calcium levels.
Treatment & Management
- Hydration Therapy: Drinking 2.5–3 liters of water daily to facilitate natural passage.
- Medical Expulsive Therapy (MET): Alpha-blockers (e.g., Tamsulosin) to relax ureteral muscles.
- Pain Relief: Doctor-prescribed analgesics for acute renal colic management.
- Dietary Prevention: Reduced sodium intake, controlled oxalate consumption, and adequate dietary calcium.
