Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) is a chronic condition in which the long-term force of blood against arterial walls is elevated enough to eventually cause health problems, such as cardiovascular disease and stroke.
Blood Pressure Classification Thresholds
- Normal BP: Systolic < 120 mmHg and Diastolic < 80 mmHg.
- Elevated BP: Systolic 120–129 mmHg and Diastolic < 80 mmHg.
- Stage 1 Hypertension: Systolic 130–139 mmHg or Diastolic 80–89 mmHg.
- Stage 2 Hypertension: Systolic ≥ 140 mmHg or Diastolic ≥ 90 mmHg.
- Hypertensive Crisis: Systolic > 180 mmHg and/or Diastolic > 120 mmHg (Requires immediate emergency care).
Causes & Risk Factors
- Primary (Essential) Hypertension: Gradual development with age, genetic factors, high sodium intake, physical inactivity, obesity, and chronic stress.
- Secondary Hypertension: Underlying conditions such as renal artery stenosis, chronic kidney disease, obstructive sleep apnea, or thyroid disorders.
Symptoms
Hypertension is often called the "silent killer" because it rarely produces early symptoms. Severe cases may present with:
- Morning occipital headaches and dizziness.
- Shortness of breath, chest tightness, or palpitations.
- Visual disturbances or epistaxis (nosebleeds).
Treatment Protocol
- Lifestyle Modifications (DASH Diet): Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension—low sodium (< 2g/day), rich in fruits, vegetables, and potassium.
- Antihypertensive Pharmacotherapy: ACE Inhibitors / ARBs, Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs), and Thiazide Diuretics tailored to patient profile.
- Target Blood Pressure: < 130/80 mmHg for high-risk and diabetic patients.
