Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways causing hyperresponsiveness, bronchospasm, mucosal swelling, and excess mucus production leading to variable airflow obstruction.
Common Triggers
- Environmental allergens: Dust mites, pollen, mold, animal dander.
- Respiratory viral infections, cold air, and air pollution.
- Physical exercise, intense emotions, and chemical fumes.
Symptoms
- Expiratory wheezing (whistling sound during breathing).
- Shortness of breath (dyspnea) and chest tightness.
- Persistent coughing, especially at night or early morning.
Diagnostic Evaluation
- Spirometry / Pulmonary Function Test (PFT): Demonstrates reversible airway obstruction post-bronchodilator.
- Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR): Daily home monitoring of airflow capacity.
Treatment Strategy
- Controller Therapy: Daily Inhaled Corticosteroids (ICS) to suppress chronic airway inflammation.
- Reliever Therapy: Short-Acting Beta Agonists (SABA) for rapid relief during acute attacks.
- Asthma Action Plan: Trigger avoidance, technique check for inhalers, and allergen control.
